Fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior fijadas con tornillos: un estudio clínico y radiológico / Screw fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures: a clinical and radiographic study

OBJETIVO: Realizar la evaluación clínica, imagenológica y funcional de pacientes con fracturas avulsivas tibiales del ligamento cruzado posterior (FTALCPs) fijadas con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta. MÉTODOS: Los pacientes con FTALCP operados entre 2010 y 2017 fueron revisados retrospectivamente. Criterios de inclusión: fracturas agudas, desplazadas, test de cajón posterior grado III, lesiones combinadas de rodilla, seguimiento > 12 meses. Se excluyeron pacientes > 65 años, con FTALCPs bilaterales, lesiones del ligamento cruzado posterior (LCP) intrasustancia, test de cajón posterior grados I-II, fracturas expuestas, lesiones neurovasculares, y seguimientos < 12 meses. Objetivo primario: medir la estabilidad clínica mediante test de cajón posterior y radiografía de estrés arrodillada comparativa. Objetivos secundarios: nvaluar la consolidación en radiografías, complicaciones y funcionalidad con las escalas de Lysholm y Tegner. Resultados Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, con edad media de 41 años (rango: 32 a 61 años). El seguimiento promedio fue de 33,9 meses (rango: 12 a 82 meses). La estabilidad clínica mejoró en 93% (cajón posterior postoperatorio grados 0 y I) de los pacientes. La radiografía de estrés arrodillada mostró una diferencia promedio de 2,6 mm (rango: 0,1 mm a 6,8 mm) de traslación posterior al comparar con el lado sano. Todas las fracturas consolidaron. Siete pacientes presentaron complicaciones. El puntaje promedio de la escala de Lysholm al final del seguimiento fue de 85,17. El promedio preoperatorio del puntaje en la escala de Tegner no varió significativamente en comparación con el postoperatorio. CONCLUSIONES: La fijación de fracturas avulsivas tibiales del LCP con tornillos canulados con técnica abierta es efectiva en restaurar la estabilidad posterior y lograr la consolidación ósea. La funcionalidad clínica a mediano plazo es buena, a pesar del alto número de complicaciones y lesiones concomitantes. NIVEL DE EVIDENCIA: tipo IV.

OBJECTIVE: To report mid-term clinical, radiographic, and functional outcomes following open reduction and fixation of posterior cruciate ligament tibial avulsion fractures (PCLTAFs) with cannulated screws. METHODS: This is a retrospective analysis of patients with PCLTAF operated on from August 2010 to April 2017. Patients with acute fractures, with more than 2 mm of displacement and grade III on the posterior drawer test, combined or not to knee injuries, were included. Patients older than 65 years of age, with bilateral avulsion fractures, intrasubstance posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesions, stable grade-I to -II on the posterior drawer test, concomitant neurovascular injuries, mid-substance tears, open fractures, and less than 12 months of follow-up were excluded. Primary outcomes: the clinical stability was assessed using the posterior drawer test and a single comparative knee stress radiograph. Secondary outcomes: radiographic consolidation, complications, Lysholm score, and Tegner activity score. RESULTS: In total, 20 patients with a mean age of 41 years (range: 32 to 61 years) were included. The mean follow-up was of 33.9 months (range: 12 to 82 months). Clinical stability (grade 0 or I on the posterior drawer test) was observed in 93% of the patients. The mean difference in contralateral posterior displacement was of 2.6 mm (range: 0.1 mm to 6.8 mm) on a single comparative knee stress radiograph. All fractures presented radiological consolidation. Seven patients developed complications. The mean Lysholm score at the last follow-up visit was of 85.17. The postoperative Tegner activity scores did no vary significantly compared to the preinjury scores. CONCLUSIONS: Cannulated screw fixation of a displaced PCLTAF through a posterior approach restores clinical and radiographic stability and has excellent union rates. The mid-term functional outcomes are good despite the high rates of combined knee lesions and postoperative complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Fracturas Mandibulares Conminutadas por Impacto de Proyectil Balístico: Propuesta de Tratamiento Inicial Mediante Método de Fijación Alternativo / Mandibular Fractures Comminuted by Ballistic Projectile Impact: Initial Treatment Proposal Using Alternative Fixation Method

RESUMEN: El trauma maxilofacial por arma de fuego representa un desafío terapéutico principalmente debido a la gran conminución de tejidos que genera. Específicamente, en casos de fracturas mandibulares conminutadas, las modalidades de tratamientos incluye la reducción cerrada, fijación con tutor externo, fijación interna con alambres y reducción abierta y fijación interna utilizando placas y tornillos. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir un tratamiento inicial con un método de fijación para fracturas mandibulares conminutadas como dispositivo alternativo al tutor externo clásicamente utilizado. Se desarrolla una revisión de la literatura actual acerca del tratamiento inicial o de urgencia de fracturas mandibulares conminutadas por impacto de proyectil balístico, haciendo énfasis en las indicaciones de cada modalidad de tratamiento y sus respectivas ventajas y desventajas. Luego se describe detalladamente el proceso de confección de un método de fijación alternativo junto con la exposición de casos clínicos donde fue utilizado como alternativa de tratamiento. La reducción y fijación obtenida por el dispositivo presentado logra resultados satisfactorios, sin encontrarse diferencias significativas a los elementos de fijación clásicos. Tanto el uso de placas de reconstrucción como el de tutor externo constituyen alternativas válidas para el tratamiento de fracturas mandibulares conminutadas. El dispositivo descrito y utilizado en los pacientes es una alternativa eficiente, de fácil confección y bajo costo económico demostrando buenos resultados en relación a la consolidación de fracturas conminutadas. Se debe conocer las indicaciones para la aplicación de cada modalidad de tratamiento.

ABSTRACT: Ballistic maxillofacial trauma represents a challenge for surgeons because of the important comminution process it presents. Specifically, in cases of mandibular comminuted fractures, the different treatment modalities include closed reduction, external fixation and internal fixation. The purpose of this case series is to describe an initial treatment modality, with a fixation method for comminuted mandibular fractures as an alternative for the classic external fixator. We conducted a literature review about the initial treatment for ballistic comminuted mandibular fractures, emphasizing indications of each treatment modality and their respective advantages and disadvantages. Next, we described the preparation process of an alternative fixation method along with a case series, where it was used as a therapeutical alternative. The reduction as well the fixation achieved by the external fixator, showed satisfactory results without significant differences noted with traditional fixation methods. Both, reconstruction plates and external fixators, are valid alternatives for treating comminuted mandibular fractures. The method described and used in these patients is and efficient alternative, easy to make and at a low cost, with good results in relation to fracture consolidation. We propose that every treatment modality and its indications should be evaluated in order to treat each case adequately.

Physics behind the implants used for high strain fractures: literature review / A física por trás dos implantes utilizados para fraturas de alto strain: revisão de literatura

Whenever bone fractures occur, external forces produce continuous interfragmentary motion and a stabilization method is necessary. It is known that the mechanical conditions at the fracture site influence bone callus formation during healing process. To achieve primary (direct) bone healing, absolute stability at the fracture site is necessary. Perren's concept of strain determines that relative deformation at the fracture gap depends on the original gap's conformation. Simple fractures (without comminution) are considered high strain fractures since a small force applied to the fracture site results in great movement with deleterious effects on the healing process. The purpose of this study is to review the available literature regarding factors that influence the mechanics of high strain fractures in veterinary medicine, its treatment methods and implants available. Each fracture configuration requires special attention and critical care in choosing the osteosynthesis method and the type of stability required for consolidation to occur within the expected time. One must know the strain theory to become an orthopedic surgeon.(AU)

Quando fraturas ósseas ocorrem, forças externas produzem movimentação interfragmentária continuamente e um método de estabilização se faz necessário. É sabido que as condições mecânicas no local de fratura influenciam a formação de calo durante o processo de cicatrização óssea e para que cicatrização óssea primária seja obtida é necessária estabilidade absoluta no foco de fratura. O conceito de strain de Perren determina que a deformação relativa no foco de fratura estabilizado depende do tamanho da lacuna de fratura original. Fraturas redutíveis (sem cominuição) são consideradas de alto strain, pois uma pequena força aplicada a linha de fratura resulta em grande movimentação com efeito deletério ao processo de consolidação. O presente trabalho revisa a literatura disponível a respeito de fatores que influenciam a mecânica de fraturas de alto strain em medicina veterinária, seus métodos de tratamento e a física por trás dos implantes disponíveis. Cada configuração de fratura requer atenção especial e cuidado crítico na escolha do método de osteossíntese e no tipo de estabilidade necessária para que a consolidação ocorra no tempo esperado. Conhecimento da teoria do strain é mandatório para a formação de cirurgiões ortopédicos.(AU)

Retrospective comparative analysis of surgical treatment of thoracolumbar burst fracture: short versus long fixation / Análise retrospectiva comparativa do tratamento cirúrgico da fratura toracolombar do tipo explosão: fixação curta versus longa / Análisis retrospectivo comparativo del tratamiento quirúrgico de fractura toracolumbar por explosión: fijación corta versus larga

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study is to compare short posterior fixation to long posterior fixation in thoracolumbar burst fractures. Methods: Fifty-three patients were divided into Group I (n=24) treated with short instrumentation (one level above and one below the fracture) and into Group II (n=29) treated with long instrumentation (two or more levels above and below the fracture). The load sharing classification was used to stratify cases. The evaluation of the sagittal index was performed using the Cobb method. Results: In subgroups with load sharing classification ≤ 6, Group I had loss of correction of 4.2 degrees and a procedure failure in 14.3% of cases, Group II showed loss of correction of 5.4 degrees and failure in 21.7% of cases. In subgroups with load sharing classification ≥7, Group I had a loss of correction of 11.2 degrees and procedure failure in 70% of cases, and Group II showed a loss of correction of 9 degrees and failure of 46.7%. Group I had a tendency to worse outcomes, especially in the subgroup of patients with load sharing classification ≥7. Conclusion: Despite the tendency for poorer results in the short fixation group in the cases with load sharing ≥7, in no sample was there statistically significant difference between the groups studied.

RESUMO Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é comparar fixação posterior curta e longa em fraturas toracolombares do tipo explosão. Métodos: Cinquenta e três pacientes foram divididos em Grupo I (n = 24), tratados com instrumentação curta (um nível acima e um abaixo da fratura) e Grupo II (n = 29), tratados com instrumentação longa (dois ou mais níveis acima e abaixo da fratura). A classificação Load Sharing foi utilizada para estratificar os casos. A avaliação do índice sagital foi realizada pelo método de Cobb. Resultados: Nos subgrupos com classificação Load Sharing ≤ 6, o Grupo I teve perda da correção de 4,2 graus e uma falha do procedimento em 14,3% dos casos, o Grupo II apresentou perda da correção de 5,4 graus e falha de procedimento em 21,7% dos casos. Nos subgrupos com classificação Load Sharing ≥ 7, o Grupo I teve perda da correção de 11,2 graus e falha do procedimento em 70% dos casos, o Grupo II apresentou perda da correção de 9 graus e falha de 46,7%. O Grupo I apresentou tendência a piores resultados, principalmente no subgrupo dos pacientes que apresentavam classificação Load Sharing ≥ 7. Conclusão: Apesar da tendência de piores resultados no grupo de fixação curta nos casos com Load Sharing ≥7, em nenhuma avaliação desta amostra houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos estudados.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio es comparar la fijación posterior corta y larga en fracturas toracolumbares del tipo explosión. Métodos: Cincuenta y tres pacientes se dividieron en el Grupo I (n = 24) tratados con instrumentación corta (un nivel por encima y por debajo de la fractura) y el Grupo II (n = 29) tratados con instrumentación larga (dos o más niveles por encima y por debajo de la fractura). La clasificación Load Sharing se utilizó para estratificar los casos. La evaluación del índice sagital se realizó mediante el método de Cobb. Resultados: En los subgrupos de la clasificación Load Sharing ≤ 6, el Grupo I tuvo pérdida de corrección de 4,2 grados y un fracaso del procedimiento en el 14,3% de los casos, el Grupo II mostró pérdida de corrección de 5,4 grados y falla de procedimiento de 21,7% de los casos. En los subgrupos de clasificación Load Sharing ≥ 7, el Grupo I tenía pérdida de corrección de 11,2 grados y falla del procedimiento en el 70% de los casos, el Grupo II presentó pérdida de corrección de 9 grados y falla del 46,7%. El Grupo I presentó tendencia a peores resultados, especialmente en el subgrupo de pacientes con clasificación Load Sharing ≥ 7. Conclusiones: Apesar de la tendencia de peores resultados en el grupo de fijación corta en los casos con Load Sharing > 7, en ninguna evaluación de esta muestra hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los grupos estudiados

Ostéosynthèse par plaque de Lecestre des fractures de l'extrémité inférieure de l'humérus

Introduction: Le traitement de la majorité des fractures de l'extrémité inférieure de l'humérus repose sur les plaques vissées. Le but de cette étude était d'évaluer les résultats préliminaires de l'ostéosynthèse par plaque de Lecestre. Matériel et méthodes: Dans cette étude rétrospective réalisée entre janvier 2008 et décembre 2013, 46 fractures (46 patients) ont été opérées avec une plaque de Lecestre. L'âge moyen des patients était de 29 ans. On notait 12 fractures de type A et 34 de type C. L'évaluation était clinique et radiologique. La fonction du coude a été appréciée selon le score de performance du coude de la Mayo Clinic. Résultats: Le recul moyen était de 22mois. Toutes les fractures ont consolidé. Les résultats fonctionnels étaient excellents dans 12 (27%) cas et bons dans 34 (73%). Le score moyen de performance du coude de la Mayo Clinic était de 87 points. Conclusion: La plaque de Lecestre donne de bons résultats anatomiques et fonctionnels. Son choix se justifie dans le traitement des fractures de la palette humérale surtout chez les patients ayant un os de bonne qualité

Biomechanical evaluation of a spinal screw fixation system by the finite element method / Evaluación biomecánica de un sistema de fijación espinal con tornillo por el método de elementos finitos

The objective of the present study was to validate virtual models for the study of dual core and cylindrical screws and evaluate the influence of the geometry of the screws on the mechanical behavior and anchoring. Two models of dual core screws were used, one with a double thread and the other with a single thread, both with a conventional cylindrical screw were used in this study. The stiffness was assessed in a pullout test using polyurethane. Three dimensional virtual models simulating the pullout test were created for finite element analysis. To validate the models, the results were correlated with the mechanical tests. Tensions generated in polyurethane and the screw were studied while simulating the application of force in the direction of the screw pullout, of force transmitted by the rod with the individual standing at rest, and the force transmitted by the rod when performing flexion of the trunk. The dual core screws generated lower tensions in the polyurethane when compared to the cylindrical screw for the forces studied. When evaluating internal tension in the screw, lower levels of tension were presented in the dual core - double thread, higher levels were observed in dual core - single thread, this screw has a smaller internal diameter which may be responsible for this higher generated tension. The dual core screws double thread proportionated good anchorage with more diameter on the region with great tension, avoiding the fracture.

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue validar modelos virtuales para el estudio de tornillos cilíndricos y de pedículo de doble núcleo para evaluar la influencia de la geometría éstos en su anclaje y comportamiento mecánico. Se utilizaron dos modelos de tornillos de doble núcleo, unos de rosca doble y otros de rosca única, ambos tipos conformados por un tornillo cilíndrico convencional. La rigidez se evaluó en una prueba de retirada, utilizando poliuretano. Se crearon tres modelos virtuales tridimensionales que permitieron simular la prueba de retirada para el análisis de elementos finitos. Para validar los modelos, los resultados se correlacionaron con ensayos mecánicos. Se estudiaron las tensiones generadas en el poliuretano y el tornillo a través de la simulación de la aplicación de la fuerza en la dirección de retirada del tornillo, de la fuerza transmitida por la varilla en el individuo en reposo de pie, y la fuerza transmitida por la varilla cuando se realizaba la flexión del tronco. Los tornillos de doble núcleo generan tensiones más bajas en el poliuretano en comparación con el tornillo cilíndrico, para las mismas fuerzas estudiadas. Cuando se evalúa la tensión interna en el tornillo, se presentaron niveles más bajos de tensión en el tornillo de doble rosca, en comparación a los niveles de tensión más altos presentados en los tornillos de rosca única, presentando este tornillo un diámetro interno más pequeño que puede ser responsable de la mayor tensión. Los tornillos de doble núcleo y doble rosca proporcionan un buen anclaje con mayor diámetro y tensión en la región a tratar, evitando la fractura.

External Fixation Using Femoral Less Invasive Stabilization System Plate in Tibial Proximal Metaphyseal Fracture

BACKGROUND: The locking plates are often used for internal fixation of closed tibial fractures. The use of a locking plate as an external fixator is still controversial, particularly for closed fractures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the results of external fixation using the femoral less invasive stabilization system (LISS) plate in proximal metaphyseal fractures of the tibia. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 35 patients (26 males and 9 females) with a mean age of 42 years (range, 21 to 62 years) who presented with fresh tibial proximal metaphyseal fractures. According to the AO Foundation and Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) classification, the fractures were identified as type 41-A2 in 18 cases and type 41-A3 in 17 cases, including 25 closed fractures and 10 open fractures. The femoral LISS plate was used to fix these fractures, which was placed on the anteromedial aspect of the tibia as an external fixator. The mean follow-up period was 18 months (range, 13 to 22 months). RESULTS: All fractures healed in a mean time of 14 weeks (range, 10 to 20 weeks). There was no case of nonunion, deep infection, and loosening of screws and plates. One month after the appearance of cortical bridging on biplanar radiographs, the locking plate was removed within 3 minutes in the clinic without any difficulty. According to the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee scoring system and American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle scoring system, the mean HSS score was 91 (range, 85 to 100) and 98 (range, 93 to 100), and the mean AOFAS score was 94 (range, 90 to 100) and 98 (range, 95 to 100) at 4 weeks postoperatively and final follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: For proximal metaphyseal fracture of the tibia, external fixation using the femoral LISS plate is a safe and reliable technique with minimal complications and excellent outcomes. Its advantages include ease of performing the surgery, use of a less invasive technique, and convenience of plate removal after fracture healing.

Fixation Strategies to Prevent Screw Cut-Out and Malreduction in Proximal Humeral Fracture Fixation

Fixation of proximal humerus fractures with precontoured, fixed angle devices has improved operative management of these difficult injuries, particularly in patients with osteoporosis. However, recent data has revealed that fixation with these constructs is not without complications, particularly screw cut-out and loss of reduction. Multiple strategies have been developed to decrease the number of complications. We offer a surgical technique combining suture augmentation of the proximal humerus with locked plate fixation utilizing short screws.

Mandibular fracture in an 18-month-old child.

Facial trauma in a child can be a greatly distressing experience for the parents as well as the child, causing uncontrollable crying in the child and panic and fear in the parents. Facial injuries in children are less common than in adults. This case report describes the management of symphysial fracture of the mandible in an 18-month-old girl. The fracture was reduced under general anesthesia and then stabilized with an acrylic cap splint, utilizing circummandibular wiring.

Miniplate 1.5 fixation for the repair of mandibular osteotomies in cats / Fixação interna de osteotomias mandibulares com miniplacas 1.5 em gatos

Purpose: To evaluate the application of the maxillofacial miniplate 1.5 in the repair of unilateral mandibular osteotomies in cats. Methods: Twelve adult cats were divided into two groups. In group 1 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed in the body of the mandible, behind the 1st molar. In group 2 (n=6), the osteotomy was performed between the 4th premolar and 1st molar. The osteotomy was fixed with a titanium miniplate 1.5. Oral alimentation was reinitiated 24 hours after surgery. Cats were euthanized at 12 weeks postoperative. Results: Radiographs taken 1 week after surgery showed a radiolucent line. The osteotomy line was not more visible on the radiographs taken at 12 weeks postoperative. Macroscopic examination confirmed alignment and bone union of operated hemimandibles. Histological examination showed formation of woven bone within the osteotomy line. The percentage of bone tissue at these areas was measured by the histometry. There was no statistically significant difference between the values of group 1(75.07 ± 5.99) and group 2 (74.76 ± 8.54) (Mann-Whitney's test p= 0.469). Conclusion: We concluded that the use of miniplate 1.5 for the fixation of mandibular osteotomy in cats provided the main goals in the treatment of mandibular fractures: bone union, normal dental occlusion and immediate return to oral alimentation.

Objetivo: Avaliar a fixação de osteotomias mandibulares unilaterais com miniplacas 1.5 em gatos. Métodos: Foram utilizados 12 gatos adultos divididos em dois grupos de seis animais cada. No grupo 1, a osteotomia foi realizada caudalmente ao 1º molar e no grupo 2, entre o 4º pré-molar e 1º molar. A osteotomia foi fixada com uma miniplaca 1.5 de titânio. A alimentação oral foi reiniciada 24 horas após a cirurgia. Os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia 12 semanas após a cirurgia. Resultados: A osteotomia pode ser notada como uma linha de radiolucência nas radiografias realizadas uma semana após a cirurgia. Essa linha de radiolucência não foi mais vista nas radiografias realizadas 12 semanas após a cirurgia. No exame macroscópico a hemimandíbula operada apresentava conformação semelhante à hemimandíbula contralateral. A união óssea pode ser confirmada por meio dos exames histológicos que demonstraram a presença de tecido ósseo esponjoso no local da osteotomia. Os exames histométricos demonstraram que não houve diferença estatisticamente significante nos valores observados de porcentagem de tecido ósseo na área de osteotomia das hemimandíbulas operadas dos gatos do grupo 1 (75,07 ± 5.99) e grupo 2 (74,76 ±8,56) (Teste de Mann-Whitney p=0,469). Conclusão: Os resultados deste experimento permitiram concluir que a fixação de osteotomias com miniplacas 1.5 em gatos garante os principais objetivos no tratamento de fraturas da mandíbula: união óssea, oclusão dentária normal e alimentação oral imediata.

Fixation of distal femoral fractures in adults by dynamic condylar screw

To analyze the role of Dynamic Condylar Screw and the early functional outcome and complications associated with surgical management of Distal Femoral Fractures in Adult using DCS in our circumstances. This descriptive study was carried out in Orthopaedics Department Bolan Medical Complex Hospital Quetta from March 2007 to April 2008. The study included management of 25 cases of Distal Femoral Fractures treated by Dynamic Condylar Screw. These fracture are complex injuries, which are often unstable and comminuted. Despite advances in surgical Technique and improvement in implant, treatment of Distal Femoral Fractures remains a challenge in many situation, if not treated correctly may lead to permanent disability. There were 25 cases selected, 23 males and 2 females with in average age of 32.2 years, ranging from 20 years to 60 years. The cause of injury was high-energy trauma in majority of cases. These were of A1, A2, A3, and C1 and C2 type fractures. 21 out of 25 cases gained knee flexion more than 90°. The limb shortening of 2cm was noted in 03 cases, in 20 patients fractures united in 10-12 weeks. Bone graft was used in 05 cases. The average follow up was about 10 months. At the end of the study results shows that DCS is a good method of treating closed type, A1, A2, A3, C1 and C2 fractures. DCS provides rigid fixation and good purchase in Osteoporotic bone. Early mobilization prevents knee stiffness

Fijación externa supra-acetabular de pelvis: nota técnica / Supra acetabular pelvic external fixation: technical note

Introduction: External fixation is a useful technique for the treatment of instable pelvic fractures. There are several configuration alternatives regarding to Schanz pin placement. In order to assure safe placement of the Shanz pins, it is useful to obtain an intraoperative fluoroscopic image of the supra-acetabular teardrop, wich indicates the linear osseous path between the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Material and Method: The surgical technique for safe supra-acetabular pin placement is described using an anatomic piece corresponding to the pelvis of a middle-aged male. A combination of outlet and obturador projections is sued to show an adequate fluoroscopic vision of the supra-acetabular teardrop. The result of this technique is demonstrated with a case report. Results: Having achieved a proper intraoperative vision of the supra-acetabular teardrop, the Schanz pins can be safely placed from the anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS) through the osseous corridor in order to reach the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). Conclusions: Placing both Schanz pins in the supra-acetabular area and guided under fluoroscopic vision as described in this technique, allows reaching the posterior pelvis, achieving better control of bone fragments and compression of the posterior pelvic ring through an anterior approach. Therefore, this technique is an excellent alternative for external fixation of an unstable pelvic fracture.

Introducción: La fijación externa es de gran utilidad para el tratamiento de fracturas inestables de pelvis. Existen diversas opciones de configuración y alternativas para la colocación de los fijadores externos. Para la colocación segura de estas agujas de Schanz, la imagen fluoroscópica intra operatoria de la “lágrima” supra-acetabular, que indica el trayecto lineal entre la espina ilíaca antero inferior (EIAI) y la espina ilíaca postero superior (EIPS), resulta de gran utilidad. Material y Método: Se describe la técnica para la colocación de estas agujas en una pieza anatómica bajo visión fluoroscópica y cómo obtener una adecuada visión de la “lágrima” supra-acetabular al colocar el aparato de rayos en outlet-obsturatriz. Además se muestra el resultado de esta técnica en un caso clínico. Resultados: Obteniendo una adecuada visión intra-operatoria de la “lágrima” supra-acetabular se pueden colocar agujas de Schanz o cualquier material de osteosíntesis desde la espina ilíaca antero inferior hasta la espina ilíaca postero superior a través de un corredor óseo supra-acetabular. Conclusiones: Las agujas de Schanz colocadas en la zona supra-acetabular bajo control de rayos con la técnica aquí descrita permiten alcanzar la zona posterior de la pelvis (EIPS), logrando un mejor control de los fragmentos óseos y permitiendo la compresión desde anterior de la pelvis posterior. Son por lo tanto una excelente alternativa al momento de decidir una fijación externa de fracturas inestables de pelvis.

comparison between unreamed locked intramedullary nailing and plate-screw fixation in the treatment of tibial diaphyseal fractures

Tibial diaphyseal fracture is the most common fracture of long bones. In Iran plating and un-dreamed tibial nailing [UTN] are the most commonly used methods and because of paucity of equipments such as c-arm and reaming sets, the reamed method is rarely used. This study compares these two methods. In a randomized clinical trial study including 100 patients [78 males, 22 females; mean age=24 years; range=16-50 years] undergoing UTN and plate-screw in the treatment of uncomminuted closed tibial shaft fractures [50 patients in each group] were compared regarding the union time and complications after a mean follow up of 16 months [12-20 months]. the mean time to union was 16 weeks with UTN and 14.3 weeks with plate-screw fixation. There was 4 [8%] and 3 [6%] non unions after UTN and plating respectively. Plain radiographs in both groups showed angu-lation in 3 patients; all in distal third and in varus [6%]. There was not any infection after UTN but one case of superficial and one case of deep infection were noticed after osteosynthesis with plate and screw [4%]. Four patients after UTN and 4 patients after fixation with plate-screw required reoperation [8%]. plate-screw osteosynthesis yielded satisfactory results in uncomminuted closed fractures of the tibial shaft comparable with UTN results

Enfrentamiento quirúrgico de las lesiones del tendón de biceps distal / Surgical approach in distal biceps tendon lesions

Surgical treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures is indicated in active patients, and its aim is to recover mainly the supination strength, and flexion secondarily, focusing the controversy on its approach and fixation systems. Objective: To present a patients series results operated on for this injury, with different surgical techniques. Methods: Ten patients were evaluated retrospectively analyzing descriptively: age, evolution time, approach and fixation types, grafts use, functional and satisfaction outcome, and complications. Results: It was considered excellent in all patients, despite the use of different types of fixation and approaches, either in acute or chronic, with few complications. Conclusion: According to our results, and the literature review, it can be obtained excellent functional results, with different approaches and fixation systems, allowing an early rehabilitation.

El tratamiento quirúrgico en las roturas del tendón de bíceps distal se indica en pacientes activos, e intenta recuperar principalmente la fuerza de supinación, y secundariamente de flexión, centrando la controversia en su abordaje y sistemas de fijación. Objetivo: Presentar los resultados en una serie de pacientes operados de esta lesión, con diferentes técnicas quirúrgicas. Métodos: Se evalúan retrospectivamente diez pacientes, analizando descriptivamente edad, tiempo de evolución, tipo de abordaje y fijaciones, uso de injertos, resultados funcionales, grado de satisfacción, y complicaciones. Resultados: Fueron considerados excelentes en todos los pacientes, a pesar del uso de distintos tipos de fijación y abordajes, en roturas agudas y crónicas, con escasas complicaciones. Conclusión: De acuerdo a lo presentado, y acorde a la literatura revisada, se pueden obtener excelentes resultados funcionales, con diferentes abordajes y sistemas de fijación, que permitan una rehabilitación precoz.

Spino-pelvic fixation for vertically unstable type C fractures of the pelvis

Evaluating the radiological and functional results of surgical treatment of unstable pelvic injuries by spinopelvic fixation. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the surgical technique can reduce fractures of the sacrum and dislocations of the sacroiliac joint and provide pelvis with stable fixation. Ten vertical shearing pelvic fractures were treated by pedicular screw placement in L5 vertebra and in the wing of the ilium. According to Tile's classification system, there were 10 type C fractures [8 type C1, one type C2 and one type C3]. The patients were evaluated by plain radiographs at a mean follow-up period of 2 years [range 1-3 years] after surgery. The patients had a mean age of 37.3 years at the time of surgery. The fracture was reduced by skeletal traction under general anesthesia and in prone position. A pedicular screw was placed in L5 vertebra on the same side of the fracture. Another screw was placed into the pelvic wing from PSIS [posterior superior iliac spine] toward AIIS [anterior inferior iliac spine]. A molded titanium rod connected these two pedicular screws. This study supports the use of screw and rod system for posterior fixation of the VS injuries of the pelvis

minimally invasive technique for management of mallet finger fracture

A prospective study was conducted to evaluate the results of treatment of mallet fracture by extension-block Kirschner wire technique. Eighteen patients [15 males and 3 females] with an average age of 30.8 years [range, 19-50 years] were managed for acute mallet finger fracture by extension-block Kirschner wire fixation. According to Wehbe and Schneider classification [1984], there were four cases type IB, twelve type IIB, and two type IIC. All patients were followed-up for an average duration of 18.1 months [8-31 months]. Anatomical redaction was achieved in 89% of cases. Fixation was stable enough to allow early active movement of metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints. The mean active range of motion of the distal interphalangeal was 1.1° hyperextension [range, 0° -7°] to 83.1° flexion [range, 55° - 96°]. Postoperative complications were detected in 11.1% of cases and included loss of reduction, extension lag, and some difficulties at work. There were no cases of infection, skin necrosis, comminution of the fragment or non-union. Using the Crawford rating scale, there were 15 cases excellent, 2 good, and one fair. Extension-block Kirschner wire fixation of mallet fracture simple, less invasive, and effective in obtaining closed anatomic reduction and maintaining it until union with less morbidity

Management of a complex dentoalveolar trauma: a case report

This paper describes the case of a 12-year-old male patient who presented a severe lateral luxation of the maxillary central incisors due to a bicycle fall. Treatment involved suture of the soft tissues lacerations, and repositioning and splinting of the injured teeth, followed by endodontic treatment and periodontal surgery. After a 2-year follow-up, clinical and radiographic evaluation revealed that the incisors presented satisfactory esthetic and functional demands.

Este artigo apresenta o caso de um paciente de 12 anos de idade que apresentou uma luxação lateral severa dos incisivos centrais superiores decorrente de uma queda de bicicleta. O tratamento envolveu a sutura dos tecidos moles dilacerados e reposicionamento e fixação dos dentes traumatizados, seguidos por tratamento endodôntico e cirurgia periodontal. Após um acompanhamento de 2 anos, a avaliação clinica e radiográfica revelou que os incisivos apresentavam exigências estéticas e funcionais satisfatórias.

Fixation of extra articular distal radial fractures with non bridging external fixator.

Severely comminuted fractures of distal radius often lead to impairment of wrist function. A prospective study was performed on 30 patients aged between 35-65 years of extra-articular fractures of distal radius. All patients were treated with closed manipulation of the fracture an application of non-bridging (radio radial) external fixator under radiological control. At six months after the injury functional results were good with near normal movements of the wrist and hand. Radiological fracture alignment was satisfactory with no significant shortening of the radius. There were no re-displacements and none of the patients required a second operation. Superficial pin site infection occurred in two patients without pin loosening. We recommend non bridging external fixator as a good method of treatment of extra articular fractures of the distal radius in younger patients.

Role of mechanical factors in the evaluation of pedicle screw type spinal fixation devices.

Prior to implantation, spinal implants are subjected to rigorous testing to ensure safety and efficacy. A full battery of tests for the devices may include many steps ranging from biocompatibility tests to in vivo animal studies. This paper describes some of the essential tests from a mechanical engineering perspective (e.g., motion, load sharing, bench type tests, and finite element model analyses). These protocols reflect the research experience of the past decade or so.

Role of dynamic external fixator in the management of fractures of distal end of radius.

The intra-articular fracture of radius has been an enigma for orthopaedic surgeons since time immemorial. It is a dilemma as to when to use the fixator, when to mobilise after fixator or simply treat it by conservative means. Numerous fixators are in vogue depending on the preference of the surgeon--in the present prospective study the results of dynamic external fixator--which, based on the principle of ligamentotaxis, were evaluated over a 3-year period and the results showed that although excellent radiological results were seen in 90% of the cases yet only 75% of the cases had a excellent functional result.